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Vol 16, No 2
Table of Contents

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<p class="frontmatter-fieldnotes disclaimernew" style="margin-bottom:15px;">This work may not be copied, distributed, displayed, published, reproduced, transmitted, modified, posted, sold, licensed, or used for commercial purposes. By downloading this file, you are agreeing to the publisher’s <a href="/pages/termsofuse.aspx" target="_blank">Terms & Conditions</a>.</p> <div id="x13l01615">
  <div class="story">
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-title"><span class="bold">Nystagmus as a Discontinuation Symptom After Antidepressant Therapy: A Case Report</span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text"><span class="semibold">To the Editor:</span> I present a patient with recurrent depression who experienced remission on a fixed daily dose of 150 mg of venlafaxine in the first episode and 15 mg of escitalopram in the second episode. Postural nystagmus appeared after discontinuation of treatment in each episode.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">&nbsp;</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text"><span class="semibold-ital">Case report.</span> Mr A, a 56-year-old married man, had a 6-year history of recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) according to the <span class="italic">DSM-5</span>. His first episode had begun by January 2007 when he was 50 years old. His depressive symptoms began to appear slowly and were characterized by depressed mood, irritability, diminished interest and pleasure in his everyday activities, loss of appetite, lack of energy, poor concentration, early morning waking, and recurrent thoughts such as, “It is not interesting being alive.” These symptoms led to impaired work and social functioning. His parents and sister had a history of symptoms of depression. Extended-release venlafaxine was started with 37.5 mg/d and was increased gradually to 150 mg/d in 4 weeks with no adverse effects. The patient experienced important symptomatic relief by week 4 and reached remission in 8 weeks. Functionality was completely restored by August 2007. For the next 18 months, Mr A was on the same treatment regimen with full MDD remission.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">Remarkably, 10 days after completion of slow antidepressant discontinuation (ie, taper for 2 months), Mr A, who had no medical history of eye problems, started experiencing position vertical and lateral nystagmus, usually at its worst in the morning. The symptom was ameliorated during the day, almost disappearing by night. No other visual problem was related by the patient or detected. The symptom persisted for 3 weeks but disappeared slowly at the end of the fifth week.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">In January 2010, MDD reappeared, characterized by similar symptoms as previously described but with the emergence of symptoms of anxiety and fatigue (both severely worsening in the morning) and serious impairment of social functioning. Escitalopram was administered at 5 mg/d, reaching 15 mg/d in 3 weeks with no unwanted effects. After 6 weeks, depression had remitted. During follow-up (18 months), there was no relapse. After slow discontinuation of escitalopram for 6 weeks, the patient experienced nystagmus with the same characteristics as described earlier, disappearing by 4 to 5 weeks.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">&nbsp;</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">The literature includes only 1 report of positional nystagmus associated with amitriptyline withdrawal.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a></span> There is another case report of a patient who manifested signs of serotonin syndrome during an intravenous anesthetic with remifentanil and propofol. The patient displayed nystagmus, lower extremity clonus, and diaphoresis. At the time of surgery, the patient was being treated with 60 mg of fluoxetine for severe MDD. His symptoms resolved in the surgical care unit without incident.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">Investigators have shown that fluoxetine<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref2">2</a>,<a href="#ref3">3</a></span> and sertraline<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref4">4</a></span> can induce oculomotor abnormalities during sleep in depressed patients. It is suggested that these abnormalities are likely to be the result of increased availability of serotonin<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref5">5</a>,<a href="#ref6">6</a></span> and secondary dopaminergic effects.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref7">7–9</a></span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">As the use of antidepressants continues to increase, the incidence of withdrawal symptoms is also likely to increase. Patients treated with antidepressants should be questioned specifically during the discontinuation phase about the presence of this unwanted effect. It is important to recognize its clinical features as well as the benign course after a few weeks of follow-up.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-references-head"><span class="smallcaps">References</span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref1"></a>1. Osborne SF, Vivian AJ. Primary position upbeat nystagmus associated with amitriptyline use. <span class="italic">Eye (Lond)</span>. 2004;18(1):106. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14707989&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6700529">doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700529</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref2"></a>2. Armitage R, Trivedi M, Rush AJ. Fluoxetine and oculomotor activity during sleep in depressed patients. <span class="italic">Neuropsychopharmacology</span>. 1995;12(2):159–165. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7779244&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-133X(94)00075-B">doi:10.1016/0893-133X(94)00075-B</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref3"></a>3. Geyer JD, Carney PR, Dillard SC, et al. Antidepressant medications, neuroleptics, and prominent eye movements during NREM sleep. <span class="italic">J&nbsp;Clin Neurophysiol</span>. 2009;26(1):39–44. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=19151617&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e318196046f">doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e318196046f</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref4"></a>4. Zhang B, Hao Y, Jia F, et al. Sertraline and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia: an 8-week, open-label study of depressed patients. <span class="italic">Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry</span>. 2013;47:85–92. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=23994660&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.010">doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.010</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref5"></a>5. Baloh RW, Dietz J, Spooner JW. Myoclonus and ocular oscillations induced by <span class="smallcaps">l</span>-tryptophan. <span class="italic">Ann Neurol</span>. 1982;11(1):95–97. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7059133&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410110117">doi:10.1002/ana.410110117</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref6"></a>6. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW, Kim SW, et al. Prominent eye movements during NREM sleep and REM sleep behavior disorder associated with fluoxetine treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. <span class="italic">Sleep</span>. 1992;15(3):226–235. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1621023&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref7"></a>7. Tychsen L, Sitaram N. Catecholamine depletion produces irrepressible saccadic eye movements in normal humans. <span class="italic">Ann Neurol</span>. 1989;25(5):444–449. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2570547&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250505">doi:10.1002/ana.410250505</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref8"></a>8. Schiller PH, Tehovnik EJ. Neural mechanisms underlying target selection with saccadic eye movements. <span class="italic">Prog Brain Res</span>. 2005;149:157–171. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16226583&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(05)49012-3">doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)49012-3</a></span></p>
    <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref9"></a>9. Van Nechel C. Oculomotor anomalies from medications [in French]. <span class="italic">Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol</span>. 2007;304(304):179–184. <span class="pubmed-crossref"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17718242&dopt=Abstract">PubMed</a></span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-author"><span class="bold">Sergio L. Blay, MD, PhD</span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-author"><a href="mailto:blay@uol.com.br">blay@uol.com.br</a></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-endmatter-fieldnotes"><span class="semibold-ital">Author affiliation:</span> Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina—UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-endmatter-fieldnotes"><span class="semibold-ital">Potential conflicts of interest:</span> None reported.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-endmatter-fieldnotes"><span class="semibold-ital">Funding/support:</span> None reported.</p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-endmatter-fieldnotes"><span class="semibold-ital">Published online:</span><span class="italic"> </span>April 3, 2014<span class="italic">.</span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-copyright-doi"><span class="italic">Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014;16(2):</span><span class="doi">doi:10.4088/PCC.13l01615.</span></p>
    <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-copyright-doi"><span class="italic">© Copyright 2014 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.</span></p>
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