Alexander RC, Salomon M, Ionescu-Pioggia M, Cole JO. Convulsive therapy in the treatment of mania. Convulsive Ther 1987;3:19
Altman E, Hedeker D, Janicak P, Peterson J, Davis J. The clinician-administered rating scale for mania (CARS-M): Development, reliability, and validity. Biol Psychiatry 1994;36:124134
Altshuler LL, Post RM, Leverich GS, Mikalauskas K, Rosoff A, Ackerman L. Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: A controversy revisited. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:11301138
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
American Psychiatric Association. Tardive dyskinesia: A task force of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1991
Baldessarini R, Suppes T, Tondo L. Lithium withdrawal in bipolar disorder: Implications for clinical practice and experimental therapeutics research. Am J Ther 1996;3:392396
Baldessarini R, Tondo L, Suppes T, Faedda G, Tohen M. Pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder throughout the life cycle. In: Mood Disorders Across the Life Span. Shulman K, Tohen M, Kutcher S (Eds). New York, NY: Wiley Press; 1996:299336
Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: A new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:782790
Baron M, Gershon ES, Rudy V, Jonas WZ, Bushsbaum M. Lithium carbonate response in depression. Prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-o-methyl transferase, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;23:11071111
Basco M, Rush AJ. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bipolar Disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1996
Bauer M, Calabrese J, Dunner D, Post R, Whybrow P, Gyulai L, Tay L, Younkin S, Bynum D, Lavori P, Price RA. Multi-site data reanalysis: Rapid cycling as a modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:506515
Bauer M, Crits-Christoph P, Ball W, Dewees E, McAllister T, Alahi P, Cacciola J, Whybrow P. Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:807812
Bauer M, McBride L. Psychoeducation: Conceptual framework and practical considerations. J Practical Psychiatry Behav Health (In press)
Bauer M, McBride L. The Life Goals Program: Structured Group Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder. New York, NY: Springer Publishing; 1996
Bauer M, Shea N, McBride L, Gavin C. Predictors of service utilization in veterans with bipolar disorder: A prospective study. J Affect Disord (In press)
Bauer M, Whybrow P. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder, II: Adjuvant treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high dose thyroxine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:435440
Bauer M, Whybrow P. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: Clinical features, treatment, and etiology. Adv Neuropsychiatry Psychopharmacol 1991;2:191
Bauer M, Whybrow P. Validity of rapid cycling as a modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM-IV. Depression 1993;1:1119
Bauer M. Rapid cycling: Current issues and treatment strategies. In: Anticonvulsants in Psychiatry. Calabrese J, Joffe R (Eds). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1994:125
Bauer M. Summertime bright light treatment of nonseasonal major depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:563565
Beasley JC, Tollefson G, Tran P, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: Acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Presented at the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 1722, 1997; San Diego, Calif
Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561571
Black DW, Winokur G, Nasrallah A. Treatment of mania: A naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy versus lithium in 438 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:132139
Bland R, Orn H. Course and outcome in affective disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1982;27:573
Bouman T, Niemanstverdriet van Kampen J, Ormel J, Sloof C. The effectiveness of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar and unipolar depressions and schizoaffective disorders. J Affect Disord 1986;11:275280
Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Janicak PG, Petty F, Dilsaver SD, Davis JM, Rush AJ, Small JG, Garza-Trevino ES, Risch SC, Goodnick PJ, Morris DD. Efficacy of divalproex versus lithium versus placebo in the treatment of mania. JAMA 1994;271:918924
Bowden CL, Janicak PG, Orsulak P, Swann AC, Davis JM, Calabrese JR, Goodnick P, Small JG, Rush JA, Kimmel SE, Risch SC, Morris DD. Relation of serum valproate concentration to response in mania. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:765770
Bowden CL. Dosing strategies and time course of response to antimanic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 13):49
Bowden CL. Role of newer medications for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16(suppl 1):48S55S
Bradwejn J, Shiriqui C, Koszycki D, Meterissian G. Double-blind comparison of the effects of clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:403408
Bunney WE Jr, Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, House KM, Gordon EK. The "switch process" in manic-depressive illness. II. Relationship to catecholamines, REM sleep, and drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:304309
Bunney WE Jr, Goodwin FK, Murphy DL. The "switch process" in manic-depressive illness. III. Theoretical implications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:312317
Bunney WE Jr, Murphy DL, Goodwin FK, Borge GF. The "switch process" in manic-depressive illness. I. A systematic study of sequential behavioral changes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:295302
Calabrese J, Faterni SH, Woyshville M. Antidepressant effects of lamotrigene in rapid cycling bipolar disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1236
Calabrese J, Meltzer H, Markovitz P. Clozapine prophylaxis in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:396397
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, McElroy S, Cookson J, Anderson J, Rhodes L, Woyshville M, Keck P, Kundu S, Paterson G, Ascher J, Bolden-Watson C. Efficacy of lamotrigine in bipolar disorder: Premininary data. In: Mechanism of Antibipolar Treatments: Focus on Lithium, Valproate, and Carbamazepine. Manjhi HK, Bowden C, Belmaker R (Eds). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1997
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Rhodes LJ, et al. Lamotrigine in treatment refractory bipolar disorder. Presented at the 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 49, 1996; New York, NY
Calabrese JR, et al. Mixed states and bipolar rapid cycling and their treatment with valproate. Psychiatr Ann 1993;23:7078
Calabrese JR, Kimmel SE, Woyshville MJ, Rapport DJ, Faust CJ, Thompson PA, Meltzer HY. Clozapine for treatment-refractory mania. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:759764
Calabrese JR, Markovitz PJ, Kimmel SE, Wagner SC. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid cycling bipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:53S56S
Chouinard G. Clonazepam in acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(10, suppl):2937
Cohen LS, Sichel OA, Robertson LM, Heckscher E, Rosenbaum JF. Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:18411845
Cohn JB, Collins G, Ashbrook E, Wernicke JF. A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine and placebo in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Int J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989;4:313332
Cooper TB, Bergner PE, Simpson GM. The 24-hour serum lithium level as a prognosticator of dosage requirements. Am J Psychiatry 1973;130:601603
Coryell W, Endicott J, Keller M. Rapidly cycling affective disorder: Demographics, diagnosis, family history, and course. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;49:126131
Deltito JS, Moline M, Pollak C, Martin LY, Maremmani I. Effect of phototherapy on nonseasonal unipolar and bipolar depressive spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 1991;23:231237
Delucchi GA, Calabrese JR. Anticonvulsants for treatment of manic depression. Cleve Clin J Med 1989;56:756761
Dilsaver SC, Swann AC, Chen Y, Shoaib A, Joe B, Krajewski KJ, Gruber N, Tsai Y. Treatment of bipolar depression with carbamazepine: Results of an open study. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:935937
Donnelly EF, Goodwin FK, Waldman IN, Murphy DL. Prediction of antidepressant response to lithium. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:552556
Dubovsky SL, Franks RD, Allen S, Murphy J. Calcium-channel antagonists in mania: A double-blind study of verapramil. Psychiatry Res 1986;18:309320
Dunner D, Tay L. Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry 1993;34:303307
Dunner DL, Fieven RR. Clinical factors in lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;30:229233
Emrich HM, Dose M, von Zerssen D. The use of sodium valproate, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in patients with affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1985;8:243250
Faedda G, Tondo L, Baldessarini R, Suppes T, Tohen M. Outcome after rapid versus gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:448455
Fieve RR, Platman SR, Plutchik RR. The use of lithium in affective disorders I: Acute endogenous depression. Am J Psychiatry 1968;125:487491
First MB, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. New York, NY: Biometric Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University; 1996
Frances A, Docherty J, Kahn D. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 12A):180
Frank E, Kupfer D, Ehlers C, Monk T, Cornes C, Carter S, Frankel D. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy for bipolar disorder: Integrating interpersonal and behavioral approaches. Behav Ther 1994;17:143149
Freeman TW, Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Lesem MD, Swann AC. A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:108111
Gelenberg A, Kane J, Keller M, Lavori P, Rosenbaum J, Cole K, Lavelle J. Comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med 1989;321:14891493
Gelenberg AJ. Catatonic syndrome. Lancet 1976;1:13391341
Ghadirian AM, Annable L, Belanger MC. Lithium, benzodiazepines, and sexual function in bipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:801805
Goldstein M, Miklowitz D. Family intervention for persons with bipolar disorder. In: Family Interventions in Mental Illness. Hatfield A (Ed). San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 1994:2335
Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1990
Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr. Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania. A longitudinal double-blind study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969;21:486496
Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Dunner DL, Bunney WE Jr. Lithium response in unipolar versus bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 1972;129:4447
Gottschalk A, Bauer M, Whybrow P. Evidence for chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;53:947959
Grossi E, Sacchetti E, Vita A, Conte G, Faravelli C, Hautman G, Zerbi D, Mesina AM, Drago F, Motta A. Carbamazepine versus chlorpromazine in mania: A double-blind trial. In: Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. HM Emrich, T Okuma, AA Muller (Eds). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Excerpta Medica; 1984:177187
Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:5662
Haykal RF, Akiskal HS. Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:450455
Himmelhoch JM, Fuchs CZ, Symons BJ. A double-blind study of tranylcypromine treatment of major anergic depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:628634
Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Houck P. Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:910916
Hirschfeld RMA (Chairman). Workgroup on bipolar disorder. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996;151:12(suppl):136
Howland RH. Induction of mania with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:425427
Hurowitz GI, Liebowitz MR. Antidepressant-induced rapid cycling: Six case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:5256
Jacobson FM. Low-dose valproate: A new treatment for cyclothymia, mild rapid cycling disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:229234
Janicak PG, Davis JM, Preskorn SH, Ayd FJ. Principles and Practice of Psychopharmacotherapy. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993
Johnson G, Gershon S, Burdock EI, Floyd A, Hekimian L. Comparative effects of lithium and chlorpromazine in the treatment of acute manic sates. Br J Psychiatry 1971;119:267276
Johnson G, Gershon S, Hekimian LJ. Controlled evaluation of lithium and chlorpromazine in the treatment of acute manic states: An interim report. Compr Psychiatry 1968;9:563573
Kahn D, Ross R, Rush AJ, Panico S. The Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: A guide for patients and families. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 12A):8188
Kahn DA, Carpenter D, Docherty JF, Frances A. The expert consensus guideline series: Treatment of bipolar disorder. Expert Knowledge Systems LLC; 1996
Kanas N. Group psychotherapy with bipolar patients: A review and synthesis. Int J Group Psychother 1993;43:321333
Kanas N. Group psychotherapy with schizophrenia. In: Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy. Kaplan H, Sadock B (Eds). Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1993:407417
Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J et al. Clozapine for the treatment resistant schizophrenic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:789796
Kane JM. The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49(suppl 11):1213
Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. New developments in the pharmacologic treatment of schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 9):4148
Keck PE Jr, Wilson DR, Strakowski SM, McElroy SL, Kizer DL, Balistreri TM, Holtman HM, DePriest M. Clinical predictors of acute risperidone response in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:466470
Keitner G, Miller I, Ryan C. Adjunctive family treatment of bipolar disorder. Presented at the 10th World Congress of Psychiatry; August 24, 1996; Madrid, Spain
Kessel A, Holt F. A controlled study of a tetracyclic antidepressant-maproptiline (ludiomil). Med J Aust 1975;1:773336
Ketter TA, Frye MA, Cora-Locatelli G, Kimbrell T, Post RM. Metabolism and excretion of mood stabilizers and new anticonvulsants. Cell Mol Neurobiol (In press)
Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, Post RM. Synergy of carbamazepine and valproic acid in affective illness: Case report and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:276281
Ketter TA, Post RM, Worthington K. Principles of clinically important drug interactions with carbamazepine. Part I. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:198203
Ketter TA, Post RM, Worthington K. Principles of clinically important drug interactions with carbamazepine. Part II. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:306313
Klein E, Bental E, Lerer B, Belmaker RH. Carbamazepine and haloperidol versus placebo and haloperidol in excited psychosis: A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:165170
Kramlinger KG, Post RM. The addition of lithium to carbamazepine: Antidepressant efficacy in treatment-resistant depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:794800
Kufferle B. Group dynamics as emotional turmoil precipitating psychotic manifestations. Psychopathology 1988;21:111115
Kukopulos A, Reginaldi D, Laddomada P, Floris G, Serra G, Tondo L. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmacopsychiatric-Neuropsychopharmacol 1980;13:156167
Lambert M, Petty F. The Teaching Interview for Psychiatric Students, TIPS. 1996. Available from the authors at: Dallas VAMC 116A, 4500 South Lancaster Rd., Dallas TX 75216
Lambert PA, Venaud G. The use of valpromide in psychiatry. Encephale 1987;13:367373
Lambert PA. Acute and prophylactic therapies of patients with affective disorders using valpromide (dipropylacetamide). In: Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA (Eds). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Excerpta Medica; 1984:3344
Lenox RH, Newhouse PA, Creelman WL, Whitaker TM. Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: A double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:4752
Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, Placidi GF, Cassano, Akiskal HS. Predictors of compliance with lithium and carbamazepine in the long-term treatment of recurrent mood and related psychotic disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989;22:3437
Lerer B, Moore N, Meyendorff E, Cho SR, Gershon S. Carbamazepine versus lithium in mania: A double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:8993
Lerner Y, Lwow E, Levitin A, Belmaker RH. Acute high-dose parenteral haloperidol treatment of psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:10611064
Lowe M, Batchelor D. Depot neuroleptics and manic-depressive psychosis. Int J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986;1:5362
Lundqvist G. Prognosis and course in manic-depressive psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1945;35:1
Maggs R. Treatment of manic illness with lithium carbonate. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:863864
Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L. Nonresponse to reinstituted lithium prophylaxis in previously responsive bipolar patients: Prevalence and predictors. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:18101811
Mann SC, Caroff SN, Bleier HR, Anttelo RE, Un H. Electroconvulsive therapy of the lethal catatonia syndrome. Convulsive Ther 1990;6:239247
Marder S, Meibach R. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:825835
McElroy SL, Dessain EC, Pope HG Jr, Cole JO, Keck PE Jr, Frankenberg FR, Aizley HG, OÌBrien S. Clozapine in the treatment of psychotic mood disorders, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:44114414
McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Stanton SP, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA, Strakowski SM. A randomized comparison of divalproex oral loading versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of acute psychotic mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:142146
McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Keck PE Jr, Kmetz GF. A pilot trial of adjunctive gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997;9:99103
Mendels J. Lithium in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:373378
Miklowitz D, Goldstein M. Behavioral family treatment for patients with bipolar affective disorder. Behav Modif 1990;14:457489
Miklowitz D. Psychotherapy in combination with drug treatment for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16(suppl 1):56S66S
Moller HJ, Kissling W, Riehl T, Bauml J, Binz U, Wendt G. Double-blind evaluation of the antimanic properties of carbamazepine as a comedication to haloperidol. Prog Neuropsychopharmocol Biol Psychiatry 1989;13:127136
Mukherjee S, Rosen AM, Caracci G, Shukla S. Persistent tardive dyskinesia in bipolar patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:342346
Mukherjee S, Sackeim HA, Lee C. Unilateral ECT in the treatment of manic episodes. Convulsive Ther 1988;4:7480
Mukherjee S, Sackeim HA, Schnur DB. Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: A review. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:169176
Muller AA, Stoll KD. Carbamazepine and oxcarbamazepine in the treatment of manic syndromes: Studies in Germany. In: Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA (Eds). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Excerpta Medica; 1984:139147
Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Muser-Causemann B, Volk J. Suicides and parasuicides in a high-risk patient group on and off lithium long-term medication. J Affect Disord 1992;25:261270
Nierenberg AA, McLean NE, Alpert JE, Worthington JJ, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Early nonresponse to fluoxetine as a predictor of poor 8-week outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1995;52:15001503
Nilsson A. Mortality in recurrent mood disorders during periods on and off lithium: A complete population study in 362 patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28:813
Noyes R, Dempsey GM, Blum A, Cavanaugh GL. Lithium treatment of depression. Compr Psychiatry 1974;15:187193
Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, Sarai K, Takahashi R, Hazama H, Mori A, Watanabe M. Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and chlorpromazine: A double-blind controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979;66:211217
Okuma T, Kishimoto A, Inoue K. Antimanic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol) on manic-depressive psychosis. Seishin Igaku 1975;17:617630
Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep 1962;1:799812
Peet M. Induction of mania with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 1994;164:549550
Platman SR. A comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in mania. Am J Psychiatry 1970;127:351353
Pope HG Jr, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania: A placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:6268
Post R, Roy-Byrne P, Uhde T. Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:844848
Post RM, Leverich GS, Rosoff AS, Altshuler LL. Carbamazepine prophylaxis in refractory affective disorders: A focus on long-term follow-up. J Clin Psychpharmacol 1990;10:318327
Post RM, Uhde TW, Ballenger JC, Chatterji DC, Greene RF, Bunney WE, Jr. Carbamazepine and its 10, 11-epoxide metabolite in plasma and CSF: Relationship to antidepressant response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:673676
Post RM, Uhde TW, Ballenger JC, Squillace KM. Prophylactic efficacy of carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:16021604
Post RM, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Joffe RT. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:2934
Post RM, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Joffe RT. Correlates of antimanic responses to carbamazepine. Psychiatry Res 1987;21:7183
Prien RF, Caffey EM, Klett CJ. Comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in the treatment of mania. Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health collaborate study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;26:146153
Prien RF, Gelenberg AJ. Alternatives to lithium for preventive treatment of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:840848
Prudic J, Sackeim HA, Devanand DP. Medication resistance and clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res 1990;31:287296
Sachs GS, Lafer B, Stoll AL, Banov M, Thibault AB, Tohen M, Rosenbaum JF. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:391393
Sachs GS, Weilburg JB, Rosenbaum JF. Clonazepam versus neuroleptics as adjuncts to lithium maintenance. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:137143
Sachs GS. Bipolar mood disorder: Practical strategies for acute and maintenance phase treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:32S47S
Schooler NR. Maintenance medication for schizophrenia: Strategies for dose reduction [review]. Schizophr Bull 1991;17:311324
Schou M, Juel-Nielson N, Stomgren E, Voldby H. The treatment of manic psychosis by administration of lithium salts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1954;17:250260
Sernyak MJ, Woods SW. Chronic neuroleptic use in manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:375381
Shopsin B, Gershon S, Thompson H, Collins P. Psychoactive drugs in mania. A controlled comparison of lithium carbonate, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:3442
Small JG, Klapper MH, Kellams JJ, Miller MJ, Milstein V, Sharpley PH, Small IF. Electroconvulsive treatment compared with lithium in the management of manic states. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:727732
Small JG, Klapper MH, Milstein V, Kellams JJ, Miller MJ, Marhenke JD, Small IF. Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:915921
Solomon P, Meyerson A. Social stabilization: Achieving satisfactory community adaptation for the disabled mentally ill. In: (*) Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman J (Eds). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 1997:17271750
Spring G, Schweid D, Gray C, Steinberg J, Horwitz M. A double-blind comparison of lithium and chlorpromazine in the treatment of manic states. Am J Psychiatry 1970;126:13061310
Srisurapanont M, Yatham L, Zis A. Treatment of acute bipolar depression: A review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40:533543
Stancer HC, Persad E. Treatment of intractable rapid-cycling manicdepressive disorder with levothyroxine: Clinical observatians. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:311312
Stein D, Avni J. Thyroid hormone in the treatment of affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988;77:623636
Stokes PE, Koesis JH, Arcuni OJ. Relationship of lithium chloride dose to treatment response in acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:10801084
Stokes PE, Shamoian CA, Stoll PM, Patton MJ. Efficacy of lithium as acute treatment of manic-depressive illness. Lancet 1971;1:13191325
Stoll AL, Mayer PV, Kolbrener M, Goldstein E, Suplit B, Lucier J, Cohen BM, Tohen M. Antidepressant-associated mania: A controlled comparison with spontaneous mania. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:16421645
Stoll AL, Sachs GS, Cohen BM, Lafer B, Christensen JD, Renshaw PF. Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: Clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:382388
Suppes T, Baldessarini R, Faedda G, Tohen M. Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:10821088
Suppes T, Baldessarini R, Faedda G, Tondo L, Tohen M. Discontinuation of maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: Risks and implications. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1993;1:131144
Suppes T, McElroy SL, Gilbert T, Dessain EC, Cole JC. Clozapine in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Biol Psychiatry 1992;32:270280
Suppes T, Rush AJ, Webb A, Cannody T, Kraemner H. A one-year randomized trial of clozapine vs. usual care in bipolar I patients. Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for Biological Psychiatry; May 4, 1996; New York, NY
Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D. Calabrese JR, Petty F, Small J, Dilsaver SC, Davis JM. Depression during mania: Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:3742
Takahashi R, Sakuma A, Itoh K, Itoh H, Kurihara M. Comparison of efficacy of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in mania: Report of collaborative study group on treatment of mania in Japan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:13101318
Thase ME, Mallinger AG, McKnight D, Himmelhoch JM. Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression, IV: A double-blind crossover study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:195198
The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 12A):289
Tohen M, Castillo J, Pope HG Jr, Herbstein J. Concomitant use of valproate and carbamazepine in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:6770
Tohen M, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT, Hunt AT. Four-year follow-up of twenty-four first-episode manic patients. J Affect Disord 1990;19:7986
Tohen M, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT. Outcome in mania: A 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients utilizing survival analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:11061111
Vesely C, Fischer P, Goessler R, Kasper S. Mania associated with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:88
Watanabe S, Ishino H, Otsuki S. Double-blind comparison of lithium carbonate and imipramine in treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:659668
Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:14031411
Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;36:555559
Weilburg JB, Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Sachs GS, Pollack MH, Kelly K. Fluoxetine added to non-MAOI antidepressants converts nonresponders to responders: A preliminary report. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:447449
Weisler RH, Risner ME, Ascher JA, Houser TL. Use of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the 147th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 26, 1994; Philadelphia, Pa. Abstract NR611:216
Wright G, Galloway L, Kim J, Dalton M, Miller L, Stern W. Bupropion in the long-term treatment of cyclic mood disorders: Mood stabilizing effects. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:2225
Zarin D, Pass T. Lithium and the single episode: When to begin long-term prophylaxis for bipolar disorder. Med Care 1987;25:876884
Zornberg GL, Pope HG Jr. Treatment of depression in bipolar disorder: New directions for research. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:397408