Bipolar Symptoms in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study of 510 Clinically Diagnosed Patients and 417 Population-Based Controls
Anne Halmøy, MD; Helene Halleland, PsyD; Margaretha Dramsdahl, MD;
Per Bergsholm, MD, PhD; Ole Bernt Fasmer, MD, PhD; and Jan Haavik, MD, PhD
J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(1):48-57
10.4088/JCP.08m04722ora
© Copyright 2015 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
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Objective: Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD) have several symptoms and features in common with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we explored the prevalence of
BSD and the relationship between symptoms
of BSD and ADHD in adult ADHD patients.
Method: Norwegian adults diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD during 1997 through 2007 (n = 510) and a random sample of 417 controls from the general population (aged 18–40 years) were recruited and responded to 85 questions
rating symptoms of ADHD, lifetime symptoms
of mood disorders, other comorbid conditions,
and sociodemographic data.
Results: According to the Mood Disorder
Questionnaire (MDQ), 50.6% of the ADHD patients screened positive for BSD, compared to 8.3% of the controls. In comparison, the prevalence of BSD according to DSM-IV in a subsample of interviewed patients (n = 50) was 32%. In the whole study sample (N = 927), an ADHD diagnosis was the strongest predictor for screening positive on the MDQ (OR = 5.0, P < .001), but the correlation between dimensional symptom levels of ADHD and of BSD was strongest in the control group (Pearson correlation r = 0.7, P < .001 vs r = 0.3, P < .001). Patients screening positive on the
MDQ had significantly more drug problems,
higher ADHD symptom scores, and lower
educational and occupational levels.
Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the close relationship between some symptoms of BSD and ADHD in adults. In clinical and research settings, patients screening positive for BSD should be assessed for a possible underlying or coexisting ADHD condition and vice versa.
Submitted: September 17, 2008; accepted January 30, 2009
Corresponding author: Anne Halmøy, MD, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
(anne.halmoy@biomed.uib.no).