Nonhuman Primate Studies of Fear, Anxiety, and Temperament and the Role of Benzodiazepine Receptors and GABA Systems
Ned H. Kalin, MD
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Studies of nonhuman primate models have been useful in defining anxious temperament as an
individual’s stable set of physiologic and behavioral responses and in providing insights regarding
human anxiety. Anxious temperament in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) is marked by excessive
anxiety, exaggerated defensive behavioral responses, extreme asymmetric right frontal brain electrical
activity, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and plasma
cortisol. In the human brain, extreme asymmetric right frontal activation is likewise associated with
negative affect and anxious disposition. Our studies of infant rhesus monkeys using the human intruder
paradigm allow us to investigate individual differences in fear-related defensive behavioral
responses and suggest that responses to threatening stimuli are mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid
and benzodiazepine receptors. Ongoing studies with nonhuman primates in our laboratory are further
examining the neurochemistry underlying individual differences in anxious temperament. We believe
that these studies will provide insights into the adaptive and maladaptive responses of humans as they
relate to psychopathology as associated with anxiety.
J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(suppl 3):41-44
© Copyright 2003 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
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