Joseph D. Dragonetti, MD

Pharmacologic approaches and behavioral and psychological interventions such as mindfulness, relaxation, and CBT can mitigate dyspnea and associated anxiety.

ECT can be lifesaving for critically ill individuals with severe psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions; however, cardiac monitoring is essential.

Pain, fear, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and agitation are common symptoms among critically ill patients, causing distress, interfering with medical care, and contributing to morbidity post discharge.