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Vol 19, No 1
Table of Contents

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<p class="frontmatter-fieldnotes disclaimernew" style="margin-bottom:15px;">This work may not be copied, distributed, displayed, published, reproduced, transmitted, modified, posted, sold, licensed, or used for commercial purposes. By downloading this file, you are agreeing to the publisher’s <a href="/pages/termsofuse.aspx" target="_blank">Terms & Conditions</a>.</p> <div id="_idContainer000">
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-title"><span class="bold"><a id="_idTextAnchor000"></a>Clozapine-Valproate Adverse Drug Reactions and the Need for a Clozapine Rechallenge Case File</span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text"><span class="semibold">To the Editor:</span> Nielsen and colleagues<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a></span> recently commented on our work<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref2">2</a>,<a href="#ref3">3</a></span> regarding clozapine-induced acute renal failure (CIARF).<span class="htm-cite"> </span>These comments were extremely informative and generate further thought on the issue of clozapine rechallenge. The authors<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a></span> state: “It is highly important that any patient who experienced a serious/potentially life threatening ADR [adverse drug reaction] with clozapine who is later rechallenged is reflected in the literature, so that we can learn more about under which circumstances clozapine rechallenge is or is not safe.”<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">(p1695)</a> </span>They note that valproate has been suggested as a relevant risk factor in clozapine-induced myocarditis and nephritis.</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">In a poster presented at the Institute on Psychiatric Services,<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref4">4</a></span> our group discussed a patient who developed pancreatitis and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) within 18 days of the initiation of clozapine treatment. Clozapine was not discontinued because long-prescribed valproate and lithium were respectively believed by the treating physicians to be causative. When these medications were discontinued, both conditions improved.</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">The case is relevant when considering the circumstances under which clozapine rechallenge can be attempted and illustrates how blame may be assigned to a culprit medication. In this case, valproate may be a relevant risk factor, and discontinuation of valproate due to pancreatitis may enable continuation of clozapine when lithium or other medications are stopped due to AIN. The case is a rare example of a patient experiencing multiorgan failure while taking clozapine.</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">&nbsp;</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text"><span class="semibold-ital">Case report.</span> A 46-year-old Hispanic man with schizoaffective disorder (<span class="italic">DSM-IV</span> criteria) was hospitalized for agitation and delusions. His psychiatric medications included divalproex, lithium, and risperidone. Lithium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were 0.7 mEq/L, 11 mg/dL, and 0.8 mg/dL, respectively. On day 4, clozapine was initiated and titrated to 150 mg/d. Eight days later, the eosinophil percentage and count increased from 4.5% and 400/mm<span class="superscript">3</span> to 11.6% and 900/mm<span class="superscript">3</span>, respectively. Four days later, pancreatitis was diagnosed. Divalproex was considered to be causative and was discontinued. The patient was treated with intravenous (IV) cefoxitin and fluids. His pancreatitis improved, but his serum creatinine level rose to 4.8 mg/dL. Lithium, considered the most probable cause of the creatinine increase, was discontinued. (Our group proposed that brief exposure to IV antibiotics, such as cefoxitin, may exacerbate or precipitate CIARF.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref2">2</a>,<a href="#ref5">5</a>,<a href="#ref6">6</a></span>) Renal biopsy revealed AIN. A computed tomography scan revealed bilaterally enlarged kidneys and decreasing pancreatic inflammation. The patient recovered from pancreatitis and AIN and was discharged psychiatrically improved. The patient remained on clozapine 150 mg by mouth daily. His eosinophil percentage fluctuated around 4%.</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">&nbsp;</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">In 2008 when this case was initially reported, it was not generally recognized that during the first few weeks of a clozapine trial, eosinophilia and fever can be harbingers of clozapine-induced failure of various organs. Usually, eosinophilia and fever are benign and resolve spontaneously. The recommendation is to continue the trial unless organ dysfunction is detected.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a>,<a href="#ref3">3</a>,<a href="#ref7">7</a>,<a href="#ref8">8</a></span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">Our case suggests a successful clozapine rechallenge may depend on discontinuation of certain coadministered medications prior to rechallenge. A case-control study by Ronaldson et al<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref9">9</a></span> involving hundreds of patients found rapid dose titration and increasing age increased the risk of myocarditis with clozapine. But concomitant use of valproate increased that risk the most, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.59 (95% CI, 1.51–4.42; <span class="italic">P</span><span class="thinspace"> </span>=<span class="thinspace"> </span>.001).</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">Approximately 15 case reports<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref10">10</a></span> of clozapine-induced pancreatitis have been published. These reports include the case of a patient with pancreatitis who, as in our case, had valproate treatment withdrawn and clozapine treatment continued with no further signs of pancreatitis.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref10">10</a></span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">There have been at least 14 prior cases of CIARF published.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref2">2</a>,<a href="#ref3">3</a>,<a href="#ref11">11</a>,<a href="#ref12">12</a></span> At the onset of acute renal failure, 8 of the 14 patients were on a clozapine-valproate combination, indicating this may be causally associated with the onset of nephritis.</p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">In 2 of the 14 cases, when patients were rechallenged, CIARF recurred.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref3">3</a></span> One patient was on valproate when rechallenged<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref13">13</a></span>; the second patient’s only other psychiatric medication was diazepam.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref6">6</a></span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-body-text">The small number of cases mentioned here underscores the request of Nielsen and colleagues<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a></span> that any examples of rechallenge in patients with serious clozapine ADR be reflected in the literature. Is there a need for a clozapine rechallenge case file or local registries? A case file or registry would encourage a greater and more accessible flow of information and expedite learning under what circumstances a clozapine rechallenge can be safely conducted.</p>
  <p class="references_references-heading"><span class="smallcaps">References</span></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref1"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 1.&#9;</span>Nielsen J, Manu P, Kane JM, et al. Dr Nielsen and colleagues reply. <span class="italic">J&#160;Clin Psychiatry</span>. 2015;76(12):1694–1695. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=26717531&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15lr10019a"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.4088/JCP.15lr10019a</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref2"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 2.&#9;</span>Kanofsky JD, Woesner ME, Harris AZ, et al. A case of acute renal failure in a patient recently treated with clozapine and a review of previously reported cases. <span class="italic">Prim Care Companion CNS Disord</span>. 2011;13(3):doi:10.4088/PCC.10br01091. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=21977363&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.10br01091"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.4088/PCC.10br01091</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref3"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 3.&#9;</span>Woesner ME, Kanofsky JD. Revisiting the discussion: termination of clozapine treatment due to renal failure. <span class="italic">J&#160;Clin Psychiatry</span>. 2015;76(12):1694. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=26717530&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15lr10019"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.4088/JCP.15lr10019</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref4"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 4.&#9;</span>Kanofsky JD, Harris AZ, Woesner ME, et al. A Cautionary Tale: Acute Renal Failure in Two Patients Recently Started on Clozapine. Poster Presentation at the APA 60th Institute on Psychiatric Services. October 2–5, 2008; Chicago, IL.</p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref5"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 5.&#9;</span>Kanofsky JD, Woesner ME, Harris AZ, et al. Antibiotic treatment may exacerbate clozapine induced renal failure. <span class="italic">Intern Med J</span>. 2012;42(11):1272. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=23157527&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02906.x"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02906.x</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref6"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 6.&#9;</span>Fraser D, Jibani M. An unexpected and serious complication of treatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. <span class="italic">Clin Nephrol</span>. 2000;54(1):78–80. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=10939762&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref7"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 7.&#9;</span>Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, et al. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: when is it warranted and how can it be avoided? <span class="italic">J Clin Psychiatry</span>. 2013;74(6):603–613, quiz 613. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=23842012&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r08064"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08064</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref8"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 8.&#9;</span>Marcovitz D, Freudenreich O. Clozapine: talking about risks, benefits and alternatives with patients. <span class="italic">Curr Psychiatr</span>. 2014;13(6):65–66.</p>
  <p class="references-references-text-1-9"><a name="ref9"></a><span class="htm-ref"> 9.&#9;</span>Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, et al. Rapid clozapine dose titration and concomitant sodium valproate increase the risk of myocarditis with clozapine: a case-control study. <span class="italic">Schizophr Res</span>. 2012;141(2–3):173–178. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=23010488&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.018"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.018</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-10-99"><a name="ref10"></a>10.&#9;Raja M, Azzoni A. A case of clozapine-associated pancreatitis. <span class="italic">Open Neuropsychopharmacol J</span>. 2011;4:5–7. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876523801104010005"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.2174/1876523801104010005</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-10-99"><a name="ref11"></a>11.&#9;Chan SY, Cheung CY, Chan PT, et al. Clozapine-induced acute interstitial nephritis. <span class="italic">Hong Kong Med J</span>. 2015;21(4):372–374. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=26238137&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.12809/hkmj144312"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.12809/hkmj144312</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-10-99"><a name="ref12"></a>12.&#9;Caetano D, Sloss G, Piatkov I. Clozapine-induced acute renal failure and cytochrome P450 genotype. <span class="italic">Aust N Z J Psychiatry</span>. 2016;50(1):99. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=25900971&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415583338"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.1177/0004867415583338</span></a></p>
  <p class="references-references-text-10-99"><a name="ref13"></a>13.&#9;Hunter R, Gaughan T, Queirazza F, et al. Clozapine-induced interstitial nephritis—a rare but important complication: a case report. <span class="italic">J&#160;Med Case Reports</span>. 2009;3(1):8574. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=20126316&amp;dopt=Abstract"><span class="pubmed-crossref">PubMed</span></a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-0003-0000008574"><span class="pubmed-crossref">doi:10.1186/1752-1947-0003-0000008574</span></a></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-author"><span class="bold">J. Daniel Kanofsky, MD, MPH</span><span class="superscript">a,b</span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-author"><span class="bold">Mary E. Woesner, MD</span><span class="superscript">a,b</span></p>
  <p class="ltrs-br-ltr-br-author"><a href="mailto:mary.woesner@omh.ny.gov">mary.woesner@omh.ny.gov</a></p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="superscript">a</span>Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Psychiatric Center, Bronx, New York</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="superscript">b</span>Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Potential conflicts of interest:</span> None.</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Funding/support:</span> None.</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Previous presentation:</span> The case report was part of a poster presented at the 60th Institute on Psychiatric Services; October 2–5, 2008; Chicago, Illinois.</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Informed consent:</span> A valid informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this case report.</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Published online:</span> January 5, 2017.</p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="italic">Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2017;19(1):16l01968</span></p>
  <p class="doi-line"><span class="italic">https://doi.org/</span><span class="doi">10.4088/PCC.16l01968</span></p>
  <p class="end-matter"><span class="italic">© Copyright 2017 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.</span></p>
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