Objective: To determine the comparative effectiveness of 3 real-practice preventive programs aimed at lowering the relapse risk following a suicide attempt: a single priority appointment with an outpatient psychiatrist, an enhanced contact intervention, and an individual psychotherapy program.

Methods: This observational study was conducted in a sample of 1,492 suicide attempters from 3 catchment areas in Madrid, Spain, between 2013 and 2017. Relapse was defined as an emergency department return after a new attempt within a 1-year follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival functions were obtained by intervention, and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted risks of relapse by intervention. Sex- and age-stratified analyses were also conducted. Covariates were age, sex, history of suicide attempts, history of psychiatric disorders, main ICD-10 psychiatric diagnostic groups, medical comorbidities, and family support.

Results: A total of 133 subjects (8.9%) relapsed. The psychotherapy group had a lower presence of known risk factors for suicide attempt. Individual psychotherapy and enhanced contact were more effective than a single priority appointment at reducing suicide reattempt, with a 40% lower relapse risk in adjusted models. Results did not differ after sex and age stratification.

Conclusions: In a naturalistic clinical setting, patients exposed to individual psychotherapy or an enhanced contact intervention had a similar, lower relapse risk than the single priority appointment group.