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<p class="title-left"><span class="bold">Valproate and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in an Elderly Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder</span></p>
<p class="byline-regular">Sari Lindeman, MD, PhD<span class="superscript">a,b,</span><span class="asterisk">*</span>; Tuukka Kolari, MD<span class="superscript">a</span>; and Jari Tiihonen, MD, PhD<span class="superscript">c</span></p>
<p class="drop-cap-with-body-text"><span class="bold-14pt-for-cap"><span class="bold">N</span></span>euroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a well-known, potentially lethal complication resulting from antipsychotic drug use. Although NMS is usually associated with the use of typical antipsychotics, there is some evidence that antiepileptics (such as valproate)<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref1">1</a>,<a href="#ref2">2</a></span> and atypical antipsychotics<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref3">3</a></span> may also cause NMS. </p>
<p class="subheads-subhead-2">Case Report</p>
<p class="body-text">A man aged ><span class="thinspace"> </span>60 years was readmitted to the hospital for treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. The patient had previously been treated with cytostatic agents with no adverse effects. The patient was diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, which had been in remission for many years. The patient had regularly attended a psychiatric outpatient unit and had been prescribed oral antipsychotic medications (perphenazine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole). Five days after admission, the patient became restless, disoriented, and unable to remain still. For that reason, valproate 500 mg/d was added to his treatment regimen. Over the next few days, the situation worsened, and he experienced involuntary twisting movements of his hands and had difficulty speaking. Neurologic examinations revealed autonomic instability, symmetric rigidity, and spasticity in the limbs. Laboratory analyses revealed the following values: serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) of 597 U/L (normal level: 40–280) and C-reactive protein (CRP) of 143 mg/L (normal level: <<span class="thinspace"> </span>10 mg/L). The patient´s body temperature was continuously at approximately 38°C, and he had mild hyponatremia (133 mmol/L, normal range, 137–145 mmol/L). Computer tomography, chest radiography, and cerebral spinal fluid analysis yielded findings within normal limits. No focus of infection was found. Relatives mentioned that the patient’s gait had become hypokinetic after valproate augmentation. On the basis of the clinical findings, NMS was strongly suspected. Given the patient´s impaired level of consciousness and major difficulty in breathing, he was moved to the intensive care unit. Concentrations of antipsychotics confirmed the diagnosis: S-perphenazine was 6.6 nmol/L (reference range, 2–6 nmol/L), S-quetiapine 1,522 nmol/L (reference range, 260–1,300 nmol/L), and S-aripiprazole was 1,081 nmol/L (reference range, 340–1,100 nmol/L). Antipsychotic medication and valproate were withheld and bromocriptine was started. After 12 days, the patient was successfully discharged from the hospital with no symptoms of NMS.</p>
<p class="body-text">The effects of elevated concentrations of antipsychotics in a patient with NMS and valproate augmentation, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported. Our patient had elevations of both typical and atypical antipsychotic concentrations. Notably, he had been successfully maintained on antipsychotic polypharmacy for years until valproate augmentation seemed to rapidly induce NMS. While our patient met several of the criteria for NMS, his CPK values and body temperature were only moderately elevated. The concentrations of antipsychotics were ascertained soon after the first symptoms appeared, making differential diagnostics easier.</p>
<p class="subheads-subhead-2">Discussion</p>
<p class="body-text">Several medications may precipitate or induce NMS. With typical antipsychotics, the primary mechanism is thought to be the blocking of central dopamine receptors, causing an acute reduction in brain dopamine activity.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref4">4</a></span> However, even atypical antipsychotics with low antidopaminergic activity can induce NMS.<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref3">3</a></span> As carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine are also known to be related to NMS,<span class="htm-cite"><a href="#ref5">5</a></span> it has been postulated that mechanisms other than dopaminergic blockage precipitate NMS.</p>
<p class="body-text">Valproate is known to inhibit GABA transaminase and activate glutamic acid decarboxylase. In our case, we assume that NMS was induced via both GABAergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Since valproate is a commonly used medication in psychiatric disorders, it is important to keep in mind the possibility of NMS with valproate augmentation, especially in elderly patients who are often on multiple medications and are at elevated risk for dehydration.</p>
<p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Published online:</span> June 11, 2020.</p>
<p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Potential conflicts of interest:</span> <span class="semibold">Dr Tiihonen</span> has participated in research projects funded by grants from Janssen-Cilag and Eli Lilly to his employer; has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, and Otsuka; has received consultancy fees from European Medicines Agency, Finnish Medicines Agency, and Lundbeck; and has received grants from the Stanley Foundation and Sigrid Jusélius Foundation. <span class="semibold">Drs</span> <span class="semibold">Lindeman</span> and <span class="semibold">Kolari</span> have no conflicts of interest related to the subject of this report. </p>
<p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Funding/support:</span> None.</p>
<p class="end-matter"><span class="bold-italic">Patient consent:</span> Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this case report, and information has been de-identified to protect anonymity. </p>
<p class="references_references-heading"><span class="bold">REFERENCES</span></p>
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<p class="front-matter-rule"><span class="superscript">a</span>Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland</p>
<p class="front-matter"><span class="superscript">b</span>Department of Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland School of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland</p>
<p class="front-matter"><span class="superscript">c</span>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden </p>
<p class="front-matter"><span class="asterisk">*</span><span class="italic">Corresponding author:</span> Sari Lindeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland School of Medicine, Matarankatu 6B, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland <span class="hyperlink">(</span><a href="mailto:sari.lindeman@ksshp.fi"><span class="hyperlink">sari.lindeman@ksshp.fi</span></a><span class="hyperlink">)</span>.</p>
<p class="front-matter"><span class="italic">Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2020;22(3):19l02542</span></p>
<p class="front-matter-rule"><span class="bold-italic">To cite:</span> Lindeman S, Kolari T, Tiihonen J. Valproate and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in an elderly patient with schizoaffective disorder. <span class="italic">Prim Care Companion CNS Disord</span>. 2020;22(3):19l02542.</p>
<p class="doi-line"><span class="bold-italic">To share:</span> https://doi.org/<span class="doi">10.4088/PCC.19l02542</span></p>
<p class="front-matter"><span class="italic">© Copyright 2020 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.</span></p></div>
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