An Explorative Study of Common Themes of Patient Experiences With Migraine

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2022;24(2):21m02939

To cite: Heidari E, Rao D, Pfalzgraf AR, et al. An explorative study of common themes of patient experiences with migraine. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2022;24(2):21m02939.
To share: https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21m02939

© Copyright 2022 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

^aDivision of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
^bDivision of Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas
^cDivision of Social and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin
^dHelfgott Research Institute–National University of Natural Medicine and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
^eDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*Corresponding author: Elham Heidari, PharmD, MS, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712-1120 (Elham.Heidari@gmail.com).

Migraine headache is an incapacitating condition. It is defined as an episodic, severe headache generally accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light, sound, and smell.¹ As per the International Classification of Headache Disorders² definition, migraine can be without aura or with aura, which is predominantly characterized by the neurologic symptoms usually preceding or sometimes accompanying the headache. With a 12% global prevalence,³ migraine is ranked as the seventh most disabling condition worldwide.⁴

Despite being a debilitating condition, migraine headache is often misunderstood, stigmatized, and invalidated.^5,6 People with migraine often have their invisible pain questioned by both society and medical providers. Indeed, this potentially makes many people with migraine forgo medical treatments.⁵ Although it is a treatable disorder, migraine is underdiagnosed and undertreated.⁷ A study⁸ showed that approximately 39% of people with migraine could use prophylactic medication, but only 13% received the treatment. To further elucidate these problems associated with migraine, it is crucial to capture patient experiences. Qualitative methods are useful to show the depth and detail of an experience at a personal level by situating that experience within its context.

Previous qualitative research revealed the importance of understanding patients’ experiences with migraine.⁹ A focus group conducted in the United States indicated that participants with migraine mentioned 6 main categories when describing how migraine affects their lives: effect on social functioning, effect on family functioning, effect on work, effect on relationship, issues related to physician care, and problems with insurance and drug companies. People with migraine also wanted to understand their disease and gather relevant information about their condition as well as obtain pain relief. Moreover, they were interested in collaborative relationships and wanted a team approach to treatment that engaged both patient and health provider.¹⁰

The objective of this study was first to explore patients’ themes describing their experience with migraine and second to understand the relationships between factors that affect patients’ migraine experience. The findings of this qualitative study will potentially inform health care providers about perceptions of migraine patients’ experiences and highlight unmet needs of people with migraine and therefore may be useful in optimizing care.

METHODS

This study was part of a larger survey. The online survey was conducted for a period of 2 months from March 1, 2013, to April 30, 2013. Participants were recruited through nonprobability-based sampling techniques. The survey was advertised by the following organizations on their respective websites: National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Health Central’s Chronic Pain, Pro Health, National Headache Foundation, Migraine.com, and social networking websites. Screening questions were incorporated into the survey to allow only respondents with migraine to participate. They were designed to clearly select migraine headache patients and rule out other types of headache. Respondents had to provide consent before proceeding with the survey. As part of the informed consent, they were made aware of the researchers’ names, credentials, and affiliations along with the purpose of this research. No personal or identifying information was collected. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pittsburgh.

This article will focus on the responses obtained to an open-ended question asked at the end of the survey wherein respondents were asked to “describe their experience of migraine.” Due to the descriptive approach, the question was kept general and broad to capture the wide array of their lived experience of migraine.

Content analysis is widely utilized as a way of interpreting the meaning extracted from transcribed data.¹¹ It is defined as a systematic coding approach to explore transcriptions or texts to shed light on patterns and frequency of concepts, their structure, and relationships.¹²

Content analysis was conducted by 2 investigators (E.H. and D.R.) on the eligible responses based on a codebook.¹³ The codebook, which included potential themes, was initially developed using existing literature. Additionally, it contained themes that people with migraine had already mentioned in previous studies.^14–17

In addition to the existing categories, new categories were added to the codebook as they emerged from the responses. The responses of those with migraine were thus coded using an iterative process of codebook themes. In the case of any disagreement between the 2 investigators, the response was discussed with the principal investigator (V.G.). Thus, an initial deductive approach was followed by inductive content analysis. The codebook was exhaustive and consisted of mutually exclusive main categories. Some categories such as quality of life (QoL) included subcategories. The codebook (Supplementary Appendix 1) facilitated the coding of the responses and reduced the burden of interpretation on the coders.¹¹

Relational or axial coding is a qualitative analysis technique that involves relating data together to construct linkages between categories.¹⁸ This descriptive study was not based on any theoretical model. Thus, we used an axial coding approach to create an initial model describing patient experience with migraine. Categories were first grouped into 6 themes. Relational (axial) coding was then conducted on the developed themes. A central phenomenon was selected from the themes, and the relationships of the other themes with the phenomenon was fit into a basic frame.^18,19

Axial coding in this study was conducted to provide an understanding of the patient experience. The coding involved examining the relationships between the themes and categories to identify a phenomenon and the subsequent causal relationships or associations, consequences, intervening relationships, and action strategies. Finally, a model describing patient experience based on these identified relationships was formed.^18,19

RESULTS

Of the total 1,096 survey participants, 176 responded to the open-ended question. It is important to note that the 1,096 survey respondents were mainly female (94%), aged 35–54 years (60%), and married/living with a partner (65%). The majority had at least a college degree (65%). Employment status varied, with 42% employed full-time, 16% employed part-time, 22% unemployed, and 16% on disability. The survey resulted in 154 eligible responses to the open-ended question that was used in this study.

The final codebook had 28 categories (see Supplementary Appendix 1). As the unit of analysis for coding was a few words or phrases, multiple categories were coded for each participant response. This resulted in a total of 398 sum of the frequencies of the codes for the 28 categories. The most frequently occurring category was pain, which showed up 34 times in the responses (n = 34, 9.05%). QoL was another common category and was divided into QoL general (n = 24, 6.03%) as well as specific subcategories including work functioning (n = 31, 7.79%), physical functioning (n = 27, 6.78%), family functioning (n = 9, 2.26%), social and recreational functioning (n = 7, 1.76%), and economic functioning (n = 3, 0.75%). Invalidation was the third most frequent category (n = 29, 7.29%). Participants experienced invalidation from health care professionals ignoring and dismissing their feelings and experiences related to migraine. They also frequently mentioned the type of migraine they experienced (n = 26, 6.53%), with hormonal and hemiplegic migraines being most common. Access to health care (n = 14, 3.52%) in the form of gaining access to appropriate providers seemed more frequent than health care costs (n = 5, 1.26%), mainly cost of medications. Although pain and psychological symptoms were common, cognitive symptoms were not frequently mentioned (n = 3, 0.75%). Categories such as caregiver burden and suicidal ideation were least frequent (n = 3, 0.75%).

Grouping of these 28 categories resulted in the 6 themes as follows: QoL and health status, disease condition, societal response to disease, health care and medications, support, and patient response to disease (Table 1). Axial coding of the 6 themes as well as the individual categories resulted in a model (Figure 1) encapsulating the patients’ experience of migraine. QoL emerged as the central theme in the model, providing a link between all the other themes. It was thus categorized as a central phenomenon in the model. Themes such as disease condition (including pain, psychological and cognitive symptoms, typology and frequency, and comorbidity) and negative societal response (stigma and invalidation) were accompanied with a decrease in QoL. Support, a theme combining the categories of presence or lack of social support and caregiver burden, was needed due to this reduced QoL. It was therefore categorized as a consequence of poor QoL. Health care and medications (access, cost, side effects, provider expectations, quality of care) acted as intervening variables on QoL with patients’ positive experiences leading to improved QoL and negative experiences leading to decreased QoL. Finally, action strategies were themes involving both positive and negative patient responses to their decreased QoL.

The themes have all been individually described in Table 2 along with corresponding illustrative quotes from participants. The central theme of most responses was QoL and health status. Relationships of the other 5 themes with QoL are also explained in Table 2.

DISCUSSION

This study explored patients’ experience and issues with migraine. QoL emerged as the central theme in participants’ experience of migraine. Quantitative studies^20,21 comparing health-related QoL of people with migraine and other chronic illnesses such as chronic musculoskeletal pain, epilepsy, and asthma found that people with migraine reported worse physical, mental, and social functioning. One study²⁰ also reported that people with less frequent migraine attacks had better QoL, which is similar to our finding that the disease condition was directly related with QoL. Our study also found that negative societal behavior and attitudes including stigma and invalidation are associated with poorer QoL for those with migraine. Another study²² found that chronic migraine patients received higher stigma scores than episodic migraine and epilepsy patients on the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness, which measured both internalized (perception of self: eg, shame) and enacted stigma (eg, actual discrimination). That study²² also found that stigma had the most impact on work functioning and mental health. Although illness invalidation has not been extensively studied in migraine, a qualitative study²³ of college students with migraine found that the students perceived invalidation of their pain experience. Greater invalidation was associated with impaired QoL, lower satisfaction, higher stigma, self-reported depression, and increased pain perception.²³ Decreasing stigma and validating patients’ experience of migraine would greatly benefit their QoL.

The results of this study regarding the impact of migraine on patients’ work and family are consistent with a qualitative study²⁴ conducted in Spain on women with migraine. The study²⁴ indicated that patients with migraine reported a lack of understanding at work that led them to hide the symptoms and diagnoses to avoid being discredited or eventually losing their jobs. In our study, these themes emerged as well. For instance, “I have horrible migraines and keep getting fired from work” or “I was forced to resign my full-time job due to my health” or “I’d like to mention that within that time I lost my job because of absences due to migraines.” Although most respondents in the Spanish study²⁴ found more support in their family than at work, they reported a certain degree of disbelief even among family members. Moreover, some patients were concerned that they might have passed migraine on genetically to their children. Some patients in our study also expressed such concerns: “I often feel sad that the tendency to have migraine headaches has been passed on to my family. My daughter and 3 granddaughters have headaches.” In addition to our study, a narrative review²⁵ on the burden of migraine demonstrated that the impact of migraine on work or family activities was among the most frequent themes in all studies evaluated.

Another study²⁶ using qualitative analysis assessed the impact of migraine for evaluating outcomes of preventive treatments. In that study,²⁶ patients most often reported impacts on physical functioning from migraine symptoms. They indicated a vast series of problems from needing to rest or lie down to difficulty with moving one’s head or body and walking. In addition, 78% of the subjects reported that migraine affected their ability to do daily activities, for instance missing school or work, being unable to tolerate loud noises or bright lights, and decreased performance in work/school activities.²⁶ These findings do appear to correlate with trends in our study in which pain and work and physical functioning were among the most frequent concerns our participants expressed. In addition, the subjects in our study mentioned having to avoid triggers of migraine as a barrier to their activities: “My migraines are also triggered by scents such as perfume and chemicals and smoke. I can longer enjoy the company of mixed crowds or go to church. When I am in public I have to stay away from people with perfume on.” “I don’t have a social life, and shopping is a nightmare with the lighting.”

Although our participants mostly reported medications to be ineffective, research suggests that some people with migraine overuse medications for acute migraine attacks, resulting in progression of the disease to chronic migraine and development of tolerance.^27–29 This research indicates the need for effective medication counseling by health care professionals that explains the effect of medication overuse while validating their painful experience of migraine. As improved health care impacts the QoL of patients, effective use of medications could also potentially reduce the occurrence of tolerance and help improve their QoL by reducing pain. In our study, while medications assisted with pain in some cases, they were not reported merely sufficient within themselves to increase QoL. The side effects of the medication added additional burdens. QoL appeared to be significantly enhanced by improving the quality of the relationship with the provider. Reduction of stigma and invalidation were important aspects of the quality of health care in addition to having a caring practitioner. This in turn increased QoL for the respondents.

Participants in our study reported both presence and absence of social support. Lack of social support—including caregiver burden—was more common than presence of social support. A study³⁰ conducted in Australia found that even though there were no significant differences in the measures of life event stress and coping among participants with and without migraine, there was a significant difference in the amount of social support received. Participants with migraine reported receiving significantly less social support than those without. In addition, quality of family life was affected by a family member with chronic migraine headaches. Social support appeared to moderate QoL, with some respondents having more social support at home and at work than others.³⁰

The conceptualized model for this descriptive study is similar to the Wilson and Cleary model, which is the most widely used conceptual framework of health-related QoL³¹ and indicates 5 correlated domains: biological and physiologic factors, symptom status, functioning, general health perceptions, and overall QoL.³² Our model adds migraine-specific constructs such as negative societal response and social support. The model can be used as an initial framework for future studies that utilize theoretical approaches and in-depth interviews to further refine the model.

The most notable limitation of the present study is the possibility of selection bias because the participants who filled out the open-ended question in the survey could be different from those who did not. Another limitation is the unclear response rate; since this was an online survey that was advertised on websites and social media, we had no way of knowing how many people were contacted. In these situations, response rates cannot be calculated with any certainty. Due to the nature of sampling, clinically different types of migraine could not be identified even though type of migraine might be influential on the patients’ experiences and perceptions. Also, age and sex of the 154 participants with eligible responses to the open-ended question could not be determined. In addition, the influence of interrater reliability was difficult to determine. This was a slight concern because English was not the native language of the coders. Thus, both coders explored the data simultaneously. Hence, coding together under supervision of the third researcher helped increase reliability of the coding. The findings of this study can be viewed as a snapshot of the patients’ experience with migraine.

Despite its limitations, this study provides insight into migraine experience from the patients’ perspective with a relatively large sample. The study results can be used to provide better treatment and health care services and eventually improve health care for people with migraine.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this study describes the experiences and relationships between the themes of pain, invalidation, comorbidities, poor QoL, and unsatisfactory health care in the lives of people with migraine. The results identify the areas that need improvement so that migraine patients’ QoL can be increased.

The relationships between pain, decreased QoL, invalidation, stigma, and social support formed the context for understanding migraine experiences. The findings from this study demonstrate that along with prescribing the appropriate medications, practitioners need to focus on the nature of their relationship, ensuring a strong therapeutic relationship with patients by reducing any potential stigma, validating patient responses, and listening empathically to the needs of their patients. Also, spending time on assessing and counseling people with migraine, especially regarding medications, can reduce the medication burden for patients. While economic barriers were mentioned in the study, this issue must be addressed in the larger issue of availability of cost-efficient medications and health care. For people with chronic migraine, brief interventional sessions with family members educating them on the nature of the disease may be useful in facilitating social support. Further, enlisting support from family members could significantly increase QoL for patients. While this research was a qualitative study with a limited sample, these findings based on experiences with migraine can assist practitioners in improving QoL for people with migraine.

Submitted: February 3, 2021; accepted May 18, 2021.
Published online: March 3, 2022.
Potential conflicts of interest: None.
Funding/support: None.
Previous presentation: Results from this analysis were first presented at the Midwest Social and Administrative Pharmacy Conference in Wisconsin on August 16, 2018. Abstract published in Innovations in Pharmacy. 2018;9(3); Article 5.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Tyler Dunn, MSc (Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi) and Pratyusha Vadagam, MSc (Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson) for their help in developing the codebook for this study. They report no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary material: Available at Psychiatrist.com.

Clinical Points

• People’s experience with migraine is multifaceted and complicated.
• Pain was the most frequently expressed concern of people with migraine followed by quality of life and invalidation.
• Clinicians can potentially help individuals with migraine with interventions to decrease pain and invalidation, which will improve their quality of life.