Balwinder Singh, MD, MS
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Consensus Statement
Next-Step Treatment Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression
January 21, 2026
Strong consensus emerged for augmentation with second-generation antipsychotics, TMS, and ketamine/esketamine in the base vignette. Preferences shifted to include non-augmentative antidepressants and ECT based on patient characteristics.
Original Research
Long-Term Outcomes of IV Ketamine and IN Esketamine in Treatment-Refractory Depression
July 30, 2025
The study results suggest that patients with treatment-resistant depression who are on maintenance treatment require less frequent treatments with IV ketamine compared to IN esketamine.
Original Research
Ketamine vs Esketamine for TRD
February 1, 2023
Are ketamine and esketamine equally efficacious? This observational study compares the efficacy of subanesthetic intravenous ketamine with that of intranasal esketamine for treatment-resistant depression in a real-world clinical setting.
Letter to the Editor
BMI and Remission in Depressed Patients Receiving IV Ketamine
November 12, 2019
Few studies have evaluated optimal dosing of intravenous (IV) ketamine for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This report analyzes data from previous studies of IV ketamine to assess the association between...
