The Primary
Care Companionfor CNS Disorders

Volume 28 • 2026 • 2

Meta-Analysis

Role of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25r04049

Monika Singh, MD, GDCE; Mahwish Adnan, MD; Karrar Husain, MD; Chintan Trivedi, MD, MPH; Shailesh Jain, MD, MPH, MEPH

Narrative Review

Lithium in Mood and Bipolar Disorders: Historical Development, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25nr04160

Samuel Reinfeld, DO; Poonamdeep Gill, MD

Narrative Review

The Role of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026; 28(2):25nr04069

Sadaf Khan, MBBS; Pavani Sayana, MD; Olu-Lawal Oluwanifesimi, MD; Sarah Waseem, MBBS, Msc; Kaushal Shah, MD, MPH; Moiz Sheikh, BSc; Zeeshan Mansuri, MD; Garima Yadav, MD

Original Research

Differences in the Severity of Alcohol Craving Between Euthymic Unipolar and Bipolar Patients

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25m04123

Maurizio Coppola, MD; Raffaella Mondola, MD

Original Research

Baseline Characteristics Associated With Referrals From a Primary Care Mental Health Collaborative Care Model to Specialty Mental Health Services

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2026;28(2):25m04149

Zachary D. Zuschlag, DO; Benjamin Lord, PhD; Teagen Smith, MS; Amanda J. Nedervelt, DO; Michael A. Norred, MD; Katherine Leventhal, PhD; Vanessa A. Milsom, PhD

Original Research

Depression and Cardiovascular Burden in Aging Populations: Insights From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2020 on Symptom Frequency, Sociodemographic Disparities, and Modifiable Risk Factors

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25m04116

Faizan Ahmed, MD; Ali Imam Awan, MD; Omar Kamel, SPT; Nida Waheed, MBBS; Zaima Afzaal, MBBS; Kainat Aman, MBBS

Original Research

Efficacy and Tolerability of Ultra–Low-Dose Mirtazapine in Adult Chronic Insomnia

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25m04074

Rony Berbara, MD; Kamal Gandotra, MD; Elizabeth Zink, MAS; Matthew Fuller, PharmD; Brigid Wilson, PhD; Meera Kumari, MBBS; Kuldeep Vaghela, MD; Amal Rubai, MD; Trevor Shaver, PA; Rawad EL Ghoul, MD; George Jaskiw, MD; Kingman Strohl, MD

Original Research

Health Belief Model and Treatment Adherence in Patients With Dissociative Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25m04085

Sajal Baig, MBBS; Humza Sajjad, MBBS; Tamveel Mehmood, MBBS; Rida Eman, MBBS; Salwa Anwar, MBBS; Ashish Sarangi, MD, DABPN

Original Research

Attitudes of Emergency Department Nurses Toward Violent Patients With Mental Illness

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2026;28(2):25m04081

N. A. Uvais, MBBS, DPM; A. M. Ashfaq U. Rahman, MD; P. Shihabudheen, MD

Original Research

Substance Use Referrals Among Inpatients With Serious Mental Illness: Clinical Characteristics and Real-World Evaluation of the New Hampshire Hospital Screening and Referral Algorithm

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25m04110

Cornel N. Stanciu, MD; Patricia Timmons, MSN, RN; Jeffrey C. Fetter, MD; Manuel Cano, PhD

Rounds in the General Hospital

Strategies to Formulate, Present, and Document Complex Cases and Avoid Critical Omissions

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25f04076

Anita K. Chang, DO; Patrick A. Ho, MD, MPH; James K. Rustad, MD; Eileen McGarry, MD; Diana Fox, MD; Theodore A. Stern, MD

Rounds in the General Hospital

Dealing With Dyspnea: Strategies for Patients and Their Family Members

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2026;28(2):25f04094

Joseph D. Dragonetti, MD; Kamalika Roy, MD; Maureen K. Cassady, MD; Michalla Braford, DO; Dona A. Kiriella, MD; Samah Ibrahim, MD; Yelizaveta Sher, MD; Theodore A. Stern, MD

Rounds in the General Hospital

Administering Electroconvulsive Therapy to Critically Ill Individuals: Risks, Monitoring, and Benefits

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25f04072

Samah Ibrahim, MD; Drew Cumming, MD; Gregg A. Robbins-Welty, MD; Kimberly Bond, MD; Katerina Mastronardi, MD; Joseph D. Dragonetti, MD; Kamalika Roy, MD; Melissa P. Bui, MD; Khalid Salaheldin, MD; Javier Lorenzo, MD; Michael Henry, MD; Theodore A. Stern, MD

Brief Report

Recreational Ketamine-Induced Uropathy: Recognition and Management in Primary Care and Psychiatric Practice

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25br04121

Raphael J. Leo, MA, MD; Shelby L. Blaes, PhD; Mubeen A. Jaffri, MD; Stacy M. Fleming, PMHNP; Jennifer A. Galvano, EdD, CASAC-A

Case Report

Intentional Nonsuicidal Succinylcholine Use in a Health Care Worker With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04075

Vinit Patel, DM; Gurveen Kaur, MD; Piyali Mandal, MD; Dalim Kumar Baidya, MD; Alok Agrawal, MD; Atul Ambekar, MD

Case Report

Functional Neurological Disorder in a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder: Challenges in Diagnosis, Management, and Disposition

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04035

Waez Umer, BS; Mariam Imtiaz, MBBS; Fauzia Arain, MD; Najeeb Hussain, MBBS

Case Report

Dose-Dependent Valproic Acid–Induced Hyperkalemia

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04124

Francisco S. Silva, MD; Inês S. Braz, MD

Case Report

Cultural Manifestations of Bereavement in a Chinese American Patient

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04115

Larry Wang, MD; Kelsey Kershaw, MD; Jun Hwan Kim, MD; Lorrie Garces, MD, MPH

Case Report

7-OH-Mitragynine–Induced Psychosis and Delirium

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04145

Nour S. Elrokhsi, BS; Calvin K. Lam, PhD; Alëna A. Balasanova, MD

Case Report

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Acitretin-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia in a Patient With Chronic Plaque Psoriasis

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04137

Bhaarat Singh, MBBS; Mankaran Singh Sandhu, MBBS; Amir Alam, MBBS; Neeti Kumari, MD; Shobit Garg, MD

Case Report

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Presenting as Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Neuroleptic Sensitivity in a Patient With Focal Epilepsy: A Psychiatric Perspective

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04093

Vivek Pant, MBBS; Astha Jain, MBBS, MD; Shobit Garg, MD, DPM; Mohan Dhyani, MD

Case Report

Psychotropic-Induced Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Young Man Taking Sertraline

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04151

Michelle Savoldy, MD; Katarina Bojkovic, MS; Cory Klippel, MD; Adam J. Fusick, MD

Case Report

Mixed Diphenhydramine and Dextromethorphan Overdose Resulting in Serotonin Toxicity: A Complex Intentional Ingestion Case

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04166

Ann C. Schwartz, MD; Nicole K. Delgado, MD; Gregg A. Robbins-Welty, MD, MS, HEC-C

Case Report

Compulsive Polydipsia-Related Symptomatic Hyponatremia in a Low-Functioning Autistic Boy

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04099

Ahmed Naguy, MBBch, MSc, MRCPsych (UK); Saxby Pridmore, MD, FRANZCP; Hessah H. Abul, MBBch, BAO; Bibi Alamiri, MD, ABPN, ScD

Case Report

Atypical Misophonia With Psychiatric Comorbidities in a Medical Student: A Case From a Low-Resource Setting

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04064

Palwasha Asghar, MBBS

Case Report

Reversible Clozapine-Induced Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04042

Joana Regala, MD, MSc; Rita André, MD; João Reis, MD

Case Report

Tacrolimus-Induced Parasomnia Posttransplantation

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04108

Diego Nolasco, MD; Cara House, MD; Richard Czuma, MD; Brandon Janssen, MD; Matthew Gunther, MD; Shixie Jiang, MD

Case Report

Mania as a Symptom of Hypertensive Emergency in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04097

Erin Becker, MD; Vijai Kumar, Dharla, MD; Ilma Chowdhury, DO; Mackenzie Budd, DO; Peter Karalis, MD

Case Report

Caffeine for the Treatment of Aseptic Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Encephalitis

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04080

Brandon J. Goodwin, DO; Dan Yacubovich, BS; Fatimah B. Alhassan, BS; Rachael Martino, BS; Richard Fagbemigun, MD; Taraneh Alahdadi, MBA, MS; Jessica Pam Engle, DO

Case Report

An Atypical Presentation of Autoimmune Encephalitis

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04083

Skylar Luu, MD; Yu Kong, MD; Mario Sokolic, MD; Elizabeth Chern, MD; Zeshawn Ali, DO; Eric Rutkowski, MD

Case Report

Between Crisis and Clarity: Steroid-Induced Psychosis in Addison Disease

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04122

Vinod Xavier, DNB; Renji Jos, MD; Roshan Salahudeen, MBBS

Case Report

Coexistence of Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04138

Bariscan Mengeliboga, BS; Merve B. Ucar, MD; Ipek Midi, MD

Case Report

Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Compulsive Digital Picture Taking and Video Recording

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04092

Julia Kaster, DO; Darby DeFord, BS; Elizabeth Ann Cunningham, DO

Case Report

Bupropion-Dextromethorphan Is a Potential Treatment Combination for Clinically Challenging Apathy

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25cr04112

Wisam Al Jumaili, MD; Nibras Al Gburi, MD; Shailesh Jain, MD; Arif Khan, MD; Lian Al Jumaili

Letter to the Editor

Psychopharmacotherapy Updates

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026;28(2):25lr04088

Ahmed Naguy, MBBch, MSc, MRCPsych (UK); Nadyah Alayadhi, BSc (Pharma, UK), MSc, PhD (UK); Saxby Pridmore, MD, FRANZCP; Bibi Alamiri, MD, ScD, ABPN

Letter to the Editor

Prognostic Implications of Catatonia in End-of-Life Care for Patients With Advanced Neurocognitive Disorder

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2026;28(2):25lr04150

Andrew M. Coulter, MD, MA; Gregg A. Robbins-Welty, MD, MS

Letter to the Editor

Psychosis and Kratom: Rare but Real?

Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2026; 28(2):25lr04109

Vania Modesto-Lowe, MD, MPH; Tobias Patel, PA-S2

Volume 28 • 2026 • 2

Meta-Analysis

Role of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Narrative Review

Lithium in Mood and Bipolar Disorders: Historical Development, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications

The Role of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Original Research

Differences in the Severity of Alcohol Craving Between Euthymic Unipolar and Bipolar Patients

Baseline Characteristics Associated With Referrals From a Primary Care Mental Health Collaborative Care Model to Specialty Mental Health Services

Depression and Cardiovascular Burden in Aging Populations: Insights From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2020 on Symptom Frequency, Sociodemographic Disparities, and Modifiable Risk Factors

Efficacy and Tolerability of Ultra–Low-Dose Mirtazapine in Adult Chronic Insomnia

Health Belief Model and Treatment Adherence in Patients With Dissociative Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Attitudes of Emergency Department Nurses Toward Violent Patients With Mental Illness

Substance Use Referrals Among Inpatients With Serious Mental Illness: Clinical Characteristics and Real-World Evaluation of the New Hampshire Hospital Screening and Referral Algorithm

Rounds in the General Hospital

Strategies to Formulate, Present, and Document Complex Cases and Avoid Critical Omissions

Dealing With Dyspnea: Strategies for Patients and Their Family Members

Administering Electroconvulsive Therapy to Critically Ill Individuals: Risks, Monitoring, and Benefits

Brief Report

Recreational Ketamine-Induced Uropathy: Recognition and Management in Primary Care and Psychiatric Practice

Case Report

Intentional Nonsuicidal Succinylcholine Use in a Health Care Worker With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Functional Neurological Disorder in a Patient With Schizoaffective Disorder: Challenges in Diagnosis, Management, and Disposition

Dose-Dependent Valproic Acid–Induced Hyperkalemia

Cultural Manifestations of Bereavement in a Chinese American Patient

7-OH-Mitragynine–Induced Psychosis and Delirium

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Acitretin-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia in a Patient With Chronic Plaque Psoriasis

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Presenting as Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Neuroleptic Sensitivity in a Patient With Focal Epilepsy: A Psychiatric Perspective

Psychotropic-Induced Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Young Man Taking Sertraline

Mixed Diphenhydramine and Dextromethorphan Overdose Resulting in Serotonin Toxicity: A Complex Intentional Ingestion Case

Compulsive Polydipsia-Related Symptomatic Hyponatremia in a Low-Functioning Autistic Boy

Atypical Misophonia With Psychiatric Comorbidities in a Medical Student: A Case From a Low-Resource Setting

Reversible Clozapine-Induced Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Tacrolimus-Induced Parasomnia Posttransplantation

Mania as a Symptom of Hypertensive Emergency in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Caffeine for the Treatment of Aseptic Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Encephalitis

An Atypical Presentation of Autoimmune Encephalitis

Between Crisis and Clarity: Steroid-Induced Psychosis in Addison Disease

Coexistence of Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Compulsive Digital Picture Taking and Video Recording

Bupropion-Dextromethorphan Is a Potential Treatment Combination for Clinically Challenging Apathy

Letter to the Editor

Psychopharmacotherapy Updates

Prognostic Implications of Catatonia in End-of-Life Care for Patients With Advanced Neurocognitive Disorder

Psychosis and Kratom: Rare but Real?

Insightful. Evidence-based. Human-centered.

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